Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies either work by ‘taking the brakes off’ the immune system, allowing it to destroy the tumour cells, or by preventing tumour cells from continuing to divide.
NHS currently haven’t approved any monoclonal antibody treatments for treating brain tumours, but clinical trials for brain tumours and other cancer types are ongoing.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Our bodies make proteins called antibodies to fight infection and disease. Monoclonal antibodies are versions of these natural immune system proteins (antibodies), but scientists make them in a laboratory.
As can be seen by the fact that their names end in ‘–mab’, many checkpoint inhibitor drugs are, in fact, monoclonal antibodies.
What do monoclonal antibodies do?
Other antibodies include drugs that target receptors (molecules) on cell surfaces involved in ‘signalling pathways’ within cells.
Signalling pathways are groups of proteins/molecules that work together to control particular cell functions, such as cell division, cell migration (movement) or cell death. If something goes wrong with a pathway, cells can multiply and spread, leading to the formation and growth of a tumour.
Making Cancer a Target
By binding to cancer antigens, monoclonal antibodies mark the cells for destruction by the immune system. Clinical trials of more of these antibodies for additional cancer types are ongoing.
Research
Research is beginning to identify receptors (molecules) which can lead to brain tumour formation when their structure is changed for some reason (mutated) and the signalling pathways they control act abnormally. EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) is an example of one of these receptors.
Scientists use monoclonal antibodies to block mutated receptors to stop tumour cells from continuing to divide.
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